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Pentecostalism with its openness to "signs and wonders" and its enthusiasm for charismatic phenomena is probably the fastest-growing religious movement on earth. In Australia, it has grown from a minimal presence in the 1970s to be next in size to the largest Christian denomination, the Catholic Church. Seventh-day Adventism is likely to experience increasing pressure from pentecostalism in the immediate future. Thus it seems opportune to assess the situation in the light of Scripture and history.
This paper begins to explore attitudes and experiences within nineteenth-century Seventh-day Adventism toward the person and work of the Holy Spirit. First, it observes the charismatic stances of three founders of Sabbatarian Adventism: Hiram Edson, James White and Ellen Harmon/White. Then it seeks to understand why such attitudes changed radically from the era of Millerite "boundlessness" to that of Seventh-day Adventist "consolidation." By these two endeavours, this paper blazes a trail from which to explore later Adventist attitudes toward and experiences with the Holy Spirit. A second paper grasps this nettle-like subject as it developed a new intensity during the 1890s and reached a climactic phase in 1900-1901. Both papers issue an invitation for contemporary Adventists to neither exalt nor disparage the stances of their founders and forebears as they seek to understand and apply the guidance which God has made so freely available through Scripture and history.
As we were about to commence our evening meeting on one occasion, a two-horse wagon load of entire strangers came; and after preparing seats for them we commenced our meeting by singing, "Here o'er the earth as a stranger I roam, Here is no rest, is no rest." It was sung with the spirit and with the understanding, and the spirit which accompanied the singing gave it a keen edge, and before the hymn was sung through, the entire company of strangers were so deeply convicted that rather than bear the reproach of being convicted, or converted at a Millerite meeting, they all started to leave the house. One man and his wife succeeded in getting out of doors; but the third one fell upon the threshold; the fourth, the fifth, and so on, till the most of the company were thus slain by the power of God. And such agonizing cries and pleading for mercy, is not often witnessed. Some thirteen, or more, were converted before the meeting closed. The man and his wife who left the house labored hard to persuade the rest of their company to leave at once for home; but not succeeding, and rather than remain through the meeting they went home on foot in a dark night, a distance of five, or six miles, carrying a child a year old. But this was not their heaviest burden. Their conviction was too deep to be easily shaken off; they were back again at the next evening meeting found pardon, and peace in believing. And, "so, mightily grew the word of God and prevailed."
Clearly, Edson saw such manifestations of the Holy Spirit as legitimate components of worship and evangelism. We also gain from James and Ellen White letters and related sources a clear impression that the Holy Spirit manifested Himself mightily over a period of about three decades from the epochal date, 1844. "Last night," James White wrote in 1860, "I felt more of the power of God than I have at any one time for three years." His account continues:
The room was filled with the power of God. I was standing, but with difficulty. I fell upon my face, and cried and groaned under the power of God. Brethren Sandborn and Ingraham felt about the same. We all lay on the floor under the power of God.
It merits notice in this letter to "Dear Ellen," dated 6 November 1860, James White implied that the intense experience he had described was not a qualitatively new one, nor did he infer that it needed explanation. Evidently standing "with difficulty," crying, groaning and then lying on the floor "under the power of God" were, in his view, components of a positive event matching his earlier experience. Indeed, James White could have drawn attention to many similar, awesome occasions during the early years of Sabbatarian Adventism. These manifestations persevered within Sabbatarian Adventism for almost the ministerial lifetime of James White; that is, until at least the 1870s.
Ellen Harmon notes that, in order to be able to breathe freely, she "always sat quite close to the stand" in Portland's Beethoven Hall, amongst the "rich and poor, high and low, ministers and laymen" who crowded into the pre-Disappointment Millerite meetings there. She describes an occasion when Elder Stockman was preaching and "Elder Brown, a Christian Baptist minister" was listening intently. Ellen Harmon's account continues:
He [Elder Brown] became deeply moved, suddenly his countenance grew pale as the dead, he reeled in his chair, and Elder Stockman caught him in his arms just as he was falling to the floor, and laid him on the sofa behind the desk, where he lay powerless until the discourse was finished.
He then arose, his face still pale, but shining with light from the Son of righteousness, and gave a very impressive testimony. He seemed to receive holy unction from above. He was usually slow of speech, with a solemn manner, entirely free from excitement. But on this occasion, his solemn, measured words carried with them a new power.
That was the way in which Ellen White (for she had married James White on 30 August 1846) recalled the experience in a Signs of the Times article published 23 March 1876. The whole experience was still vividly imprinted on Ellen White's mind when, over six decades later (that is, on 13 August 1906) she again described the scene (this time in a recorded interview) implying that Elder Brown did not believe in holy prostration by the Spirit but "he had a taste of it right there." Then the aging Adventist prophet added an enigmatic sentence, "We had a deal of this, but we never can tell it." Compare these descriptive sentences from Jon Butler's extensive research on the early period:
In the late summer of 1844 these Millerites enjoyed as purely millenarian an expectation of the world's end as any movement in American history. Their expectation predisposed them to the powerful outpourings of charismatic prophesyings, tongues, healings and other "signs and wonders," which fulfilled the biblical promise for the "last days"....
Their gatherings convulsed with shouts, praises, weeping and "melting seasons of prayer."...
While Millerite leaders largely opposed charismatic phenomena, their inability to dampen the spirits of the rank and file betrayed itself in the fact that outsiders commonly criticized Millerites for such "fanaticism" as healings, speaking in tongues, visions, and prophesyings.
Long before 1906 Seventh-day Adventism was so changed that accounts of (let alone the phenomenon of!) holy prostration and such perceived manifestations of the Holy Spirit were no longer welcome. By the 1980s, it was hard for many church members to even acknowledge well-documented instances of charismatic enthusiasm which had been viewed as validating experiences during the early years of the Second Advent Movement.
One of these early experiences, reported at length in New England newspapers, seemed quite startling to Dr Fred Hoyt, a painstaking historian of early Adventism who re-discovered it about 1983 and re-published it four years later (1987). Early in 1845, Elder Israel Dammon was leading out in ongoing meetings in the town of Atkinson. People were "setting and laying on the floor promiscuously and were exceedingly noisy" according to one eyewitness, William C. Crosby; at least, the meetings so troubled the local community that a deputy sheriff came to arrest Elder Dammon. James Moulton, the arresting officer tells the story in court:
When I went to arrest the prisoner, they shut the door against me. Finding I could not gain access to him without, I burst open the door. I went to the prisoner and took him by the hand and told him my business. A number of women jumped on to him--he clung to them, and they to him. So great was the resistance, that I with three assistants, could not get him out. I remained in the house and sent for more help; after they arrived we made a second attempt with the same result--I again sent for more help--after they arrived we overpowered them and got him out door in custody. We were resisted by both men and women. Can't describe the place--it was one continued shout.
During 1860, Ellen White describes this event which made memorable one of her early journeys. She also gave her view of why the deputy sheriff had such difficulty arresting Elder Dammon:
The officer cried out, "in the name of the State of Maine, lay hold of this man." Two seized his arms, and two his feet, and attempted to drag him from the room. They would move him a few inches only, and then rush out of the house. The power of GOD was in that room, and the servants of GOD with their countenances lighted up with his glory, made no resistance. The efforts to take Eld. D. were often repeated with the same effect. The men could not endure the power of God, and it was a relief to them to rush out of the house. Their number increased to twelve, still Eld. D. was held by the power of GOD about forty minutes, and not all the strength of those men could move him from the floor where he lay helpless. At the same moment we all felt that Eld. D. must go; that GOD had manifested his power for his glory, and that the name of the Lord would be further glorified in suffering him to be taken from our midst. And those men took him up as easily as they would take up a child, and carried him out.
Ellen White's autobiographical accounts of her early years abound with supernatural events, including healings. God not only "manifested his power for his glory" in the Dammon event; he also did it constantly for the White's ministry and for that of their associates. Hiram Edson, James White and Ellen White clearly had comparable attitudes toward the work of the Holy Spirit in this early period. Seventh-day Adventists often quote the declaration of the Millerites at their Albany Conference during 1845 when Miller and his most-trusted associates expressed their lack of confidence in charismatic manifestations. But it is vital for us to note that this was the attitude of those Millerites who went into "outer darkness" (according to the Sabbatarians), denying the Shut Door and the Sabbath (to reflect James White's words). Whereas charismatic experiences had strongly marked Millerism, particularly during the Seventh Month movement of 1844, the main group who continued association with Miller and Himes moved away from such manifestations. Instead, such charismatic experiences continued amongst the Sabbatarians who accepted them as validating the presence and approval of God in their midst.
From our perspective one of the most important things to do is to ask, Why did these manifestations decline and finally disappear in Seventh-day Adventism?
There are two reasons which deserve primary attention, both fruitfully explained within Jon Butler's insightful chapter in The Disappointed. First, American society which favoured Millerite "boundlessness" up to 1844 changed rapidly in the 1850s and beyond, especially as a result of the Civil War which devastated the country from 1861-1865. Secondly, the transition from Millerism to Sabbatarian Adventism involved much change, a process which formed a new denomination with a distinctive name, closely-knit organisation and successful institutions to implement Adventist ideas and values through literature, health reform and education. As the new church matured, it would come to accept many of the advances made by its surrounding culture, such as the development of scientific medicine as being compatible with Adventists' penchant for natural remedies. It would, in due time, even approve the quest for accreditation by its educational institutions. During the twentieth century the Second Advent Movement would mature in its homelands and plant its mission amongst most of the nations on planet earth. Its structure and ethos were no longer compatible with the charismatic exuberance of the early period, even as adulthood may move a person away from the radicalism of youth.
By the 1890s the consolidation of Seventh-day Adventism was so well advanced that a skilful and energetic attempt to foster an early form of pentecostalism on the North America continent failed miserably. A chief proponent of this initiative, A.F. Ballenger, would become one of the Church's prominent ministerial heretics early in the new century. Ballenger is remembered for unorthodox ideas to do with the Sanctuary but, hopefully, when Dr Gary Land's forthcoming biography of Ballenger becomes available we will much better understand the meaning which his catch-cry held at the time, "Receive ye the Holy Ghost." But more of Ballenger and the Holy Flesh emphasis in the next paper.
There is an additional reason why Seventh-day Adventism developed a great reticence with reference to enthusiastic manifestations of the Holy Spirit. Every time these have flowered, fanaticism has been clearly in evidence. Statements about this problem form a refrain in Ellen White's accounts of the early period, and both Stephen Haskell and Ellen White interpreted the Holy Flesh heresy as another instance of a problem akin to that of early Adventist times. It is well for us to ponder the implications of this tendency for enthusiasm to get out of hand, a task which is best suited to the end of the second paper.
Why should we, at the dawn of the twenty-first century, give attention to such matters as the church's nineteenth-century experience with the person and work of the Holy Spirit? I suggest there are a number of cogent reasons.
First, it is important for Adventists to know the way in which their spiritual family has developed from its early years. Many of our pioneers experienced the joys of "enthusiastic religion" in ways that embarrass many of us now. But we need to be able to understand and accept them as our ancestors; otherwise, we will never fully understand ourselves. We can learn from their Bible study, but at the same time we must be diligent in our own study of the Word. The Adventist attitude in these matters is best expressed in well-known Ellen White sentences: "We have nothing to fear for the future, except as we shall forget the way the Lord has led us, and His teaching in our past history." "The truth is an advancing truth, and we must walk in the increasing light." "We have many lessons to learn, and many, many to unlearn."
One important example of the unlearning process has to do with the personhood of the Holy Spirit. Nineteenth-century Seventh-day Adventism was often decidedly against the concept of the Trinity, and thought of the Holy Spirit as a power, an influence, an agency, even an aura, but not a Person of the Godhead. Continued Bible study enabled the church to clarify this doctrine fruitfully.
Second, it is crucial for contemporary Seventh-day Adventists to be aware of the variety which now characterises their ten-million-member Church. This variety speaks with profound eloquence to those who plan and deliver pastoral care, and calls us to a conscious attempt to minister to the "multiple intelligences" present in the church. Surely we should seek an awareness, too, of the cultures which surround us and which register a profound impact on the contemporary church. For instance, "there are over 461 million Pentecostal Christians with congregations in most countries of the world," constituting "the second largest communion in Christianity." The World Council of Churches estimates that by the year 2000 "about 90% of all Christians in the so-called 'Third World' will be Pentecostals." The great majority of Seventh-day Adventist growth is in places like Inter-America, South America, Africa and New Guinea, where we will continually rub shoulders with Pentecostal Christians. Add to that reality the fact that newer converts in Europe, North America, New Zealand and Australia are more likely than long-term Adventists to embrace Pentecostalism, and we have a set of factors powerful enough to fragment the Church as we know it, and that quite soon.
Thirdly, it may be important for us to ask ourselves if, since our founders were what we might broadly describe as charismatic believers, should we tolerate such people in the Church 150 years later? I offer this as a useful question, even though I am an historian whose faith and worship identifies with the reasonableness of Adventist thought and practice rather with its enthusiastic effusions. The issue is a serious one; effective answers will also become more urgent with each passing year. Adventists have always been an upwardly-mobile people, which fact divorces some of them constantly from the ethos of many new converts even in places like Australia, to say nothing of the way it isolates them from the vast, young (both spiritually and chronologically) membership in the Developing World. To consider strategies before a crisis becomes unmanageable seems to be a first principle of effective leadership. A starting-point for fruitful discussion may be found in considering three related questions. Were the manifestations, interpreted by early Adventists as validating the presence and approval of God in their midst, Satanic deceptions? Were these manifestations childhood or juvenile experiences which early Adventists outgrew as a result of continued Bible study and the guidance of the Spirit? Was God meeting a need amongst early Adventists with genuine manifestations of the Holy Spirit? Whichever question leads to a safe understanding in the present, the pastoral approach will be similar, including prayerful Bible study and calm reliance on the ministry of the Holy Spirit.
Further, we would do well to ask if we who think of ourselves as cerebral Adventists have well understood the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. Think of the inspiring vision our Church's "Mother" has given us:
The angel who unites in the proclamation of the third angel's message is to lighten the whole earth with his glory. A work of world-wide extent and unwonted power is here foretold. The advent movement of 1840-44 was a glorious manifestation of the power of God; the first angel's message was carried to every missionary station in the world, and in some countries there was the greatest religious interest which has been witnessed in any land since the Reformation of the sixteenth century; but these are to be exceeded by the mighty movement under the last warning of the third angel.
The great work of the gospel is not to close with less manifestation of the power of God than marked its opening. The prophecies which were fulfilled in the outpouring of the former rain at the opening of the gospel are again to be fulfilled in the latter rain at its close....
Servants of God, with their faces lighted up and shining with holy consecration, will hasten from place to place to proclaim the message from heaven. By thousands of voices, all over the earth, the warning will be given. Miracles will be wrought, the sick will be healed, and signs and wonders will follow the believers. Satan also works with lying wonders, even bringing down fire from heaven in the sight of men. Revelation 13:13. Thus the inhabitants of earth will be brought to take their stand.
To read such material thoughtfully is to be faced with multiple questions. Has the doctrine of the Latter Rain been used to always locate this great outpouring of the Holy Spirit in some future time? Has the Adventist penchant for dwelling on "Last Day Events" caused us to both shelve our present opportunity/responsibility while we try to manufacture enough perfection of character to be ready for the Latter Rain? Should we, in an age marked by both pentecostal and demonic manifestations, emphasise more clearly than ever before that the unusual is not necessarily supernatural?
Finally, is it not time for a constructive dialogue and dialectic to occur in the Adventist community of faith with reference to the Holy Spirit? During the past thirty years, Forums and their journal, Spectrum, have frequently proposed agendas and ideas which have been constructive, even formative, in Seventh-day Adventism. During February this year I accepted the opportunity to present to the Sydney Adventist Forum an earlier draft of this paper without any direct knowledge of what the sessions other than mine would propose. But it seems to me that by inviting us to think of the Holy Spirit and our heritage, the Holy Spirit and the Gospel, the Holy Spirit and the End Time, and the Holy Spirit in the Contemporary Charismatic Scene, Sydney Adventist Forum put some of the most essential questions out on the table. The September 1999 "Discerning the Spirit" conferences in the Trans-Australian Union of Seventh-day Adventists presented a greatly-needed and much wider opportunity to explore the relevant issues coherently. However we (the Church) need to do more than assent to the contemporary importance of a balanced doctrine and experience of the Holy Spirit. It is not an overstatement to declare that the future of Seventh-day Adventism--its unity and its mission-- depends on effective understandings and responses. Therefore my second paper will attempt the taking of another step toward that goal from an historical framework.
Arthur Patrick
E-mail: arthur.patrick@avondale.edu.au
25 October 1999
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